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From what I been seeing is this. The optical smoke detectors do a better job in smoldering fires. They automatically sense whether it is burning toaster or a real fire.
Optical fire detectors are available at home depot for about $37.00.
The ion smoke detectors came out in the 1970's. Experts are saying that some times they will not go off until after a fire has been burning for 19 minutes. Most people will die in 45 sec in a house fire. I'm still leaving my 2 ion detectors installed. can't hurt anything.
I bought three 117 degree mechanical heat detectors. 1 above my 2 hot water heaters and a few feet from my furnace, 1 in the kitchen by the dryer and 1 in the attic above the bedroom.
I bought 1 carbon monoxide detector for the bedroom.
I bought 3 optical smoke detectors, 1 in the kitchen, 1 in the hall outside the bedroom and 1 downstairs.
2 fire extinguisher's, 1 in the bedroom and 1 for the kitchen.
THIS POST COULD SAVE LIVES :
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Optical fire detectors are available at home depot for about $37.00.
The ion smoke detectors came out in the 1970's. Experts are saying that some times they will not go off until after a fire has been burning for 19 minutes. Most people will die in 45 sec in a house fire. I'm still leaving my 2 ion detectors installed. can't hurt anything.
I bought three 117 degree mechanical heat detectors. 1 above my 2 hot water heaters and a few feet from my furnace, 1 in the kitchen by the dryer and 1 in the attic above the bedroom.
I bought 1 carbon monoxide detector for the bedroom.
I bought 3 optical smoke detectors, 1 in the kitchen, 1 in the hall outside the bedroom and 1 downstairs.
2 fire extinguisher's, 1 in the bedroom and 1 for the kitchen.
THIS POST COULD SAVE LIVES :
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The Fire Problem
Many Americans believe "fires can only happen to other people...not to me, and not in my home". Yet over 80 percent of fire deaths occur in the home.
According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), fire is the third leading cause of accidental death. Residential occupancies account for most fire fatalities and most of these deaths occur at night during the sleeping hours. 1.5 million Americans are injured by fire each year. It is estimated that each household will experience three (usually unreported) fires per decade and two fires serious enough to report to a fire department per lifetime.
Even though 92% of homes in America have smoke detectors today, the fire death rate does not reflect any decrease in deaths due to this protection. The United States has one of the highest fire death rates in the industrialized world, with home fires as a leading cause of death in children. To put the fire epidemic into perspective, each year fire kills more Americans than all natural disasters combined, and kills more children than polio did as a run away epidemic. According to the Burn Awareness Center, burns are the number one cause of accidental death in children under the age of 2, the second cause of accidental death in children from ages 1-4, and the third for ages 1-18.
Many Americans believe "fires can only happen to other people...not to me, and not in my home". Yet over 80 percent of fire deaths occur in the home.
According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), fire is the third leading cause of accidental death. Residential occupancies account for most fire fatalities and most of these deaths occur at night during the sleeping hours. 1.5 million Americans are injured by fire each year. It is estimated that each household will experience three (usually unreported) fires per decade and two fires serious enough to report to a fire department per lifetime.
Even though 92% of homes in America have smoke detectors today, the fire death rate does not reflect any decrease in deaths due to this protection. The United States has one of the highest fire death rates in the industrialized world, with home fires as a leading cause of death in children. To put the fire epidemic into perspective, each year fire kills more Americans than all natural disasters combined, and kills more children than polio did as a run away epidemic. According to the Burn Awareness Center, burns are the number one cause of accidental death in children under the age of 2, the second cause of accidental death in children from ages 1-4, and the third for ages 1-18.
Detection of Smoke:
Full-Scale Tests With Flaming and Smoldering Fires
ØYSTEIN MELAND and LARS EINAR LØNVIK SINTEF
NBL- Norwegian Fire Research Labaratory
N-7034 Trondheim Norway
ABSTRACT
Full scale fire tests are carried out to study the effectiveness of the various types of smoke
detectors to provide an early warning of a fire. Both optical smoke detectors and ionization
smoke detectors have been used. Alarm times are related to human tenability limits for toxic
effects, visibility loss and heat stress. During smouldering fires it is only the optical detectors that
provide satisfactory safety. With flaming fires the ionization detectors react before the optical
ones. If a fire were started by a glowing cigarette, optical detectors are generally recommended.
If not, the response time with these two types of detectors are so close that it is only in extreme
cases that this difference between optical and ionization detectors would be critical in saving
lives.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of the problem.
Many fire related deaths are caused by the fire being discovered too late. This is closely
associated with detector technology, in other words, how quickly detectors react to different fire
developments. This is the background to the experiments described in this paper. The main
objective has been to determine the differences in how such equipment detects fire and relate
these results to human safety during fires in buildings.
Four different experiments were done, two experiments with smouldering fire developments and
two experiments with flaming fire developments. All experiments are carried out in a room with a
floor area of about 17m . All the fires were in bedding where the fabrics are not flame retardant.
There was no other furniture in the test room apart from the bed where the fire started. The time
of alarm was recorded for each detector. Measurements were also made for a number of
parameters that characterize early fire developments. These are pressure, temperature, carbonmonoxide
and oxygen concentrations, reduction of visibility and particle distribution in smoke as a
result of the fire development.
3 RESULTS
3.1 Smouldering fires.
In cases of smouldering fires, the critical limits for the accumulated CO-dose and visibility in the
test room were reached about at the same time. This was typically 5000-6000 seconds after the
start of the fire.
Both the optical smoke detectors and the residential types as well as the optical smoke detectors
in the test room where the fire started detected the smoke sufficiently early to avoid a lethal
situation during this type of fire development.
The ionization smoke detectors detected smoke from a smouldering fire much later than
the optical detectors. When the particular conditions during the fire development are
taken into consideration there are reasons to indicate that this detection principle would
not provide adequate safety during this type of fire. This is in spite of the fact that the
detectors were located in the test room.
Full-Scale Tests With Flaming and Smoldering Fires
ØYSTEIN MELAND and LARS EINAR LØNVIK SINTEF
NBL- Norwegian Fire Research Labaratory
N-7034 Trondheim Norway
ABSTRACT
Full scale fire tests are carried out to study the effectiveness of the various types of smoke
detectors to provide an early warning of a fire. Both optical smoke detectors and ionization
smoke detectors have been used. Alarm times are related to human tenability limits for toxic
effects, visibility loss and heat stress. During smouldering fires it is only the optical detectors that
provide satisfactory safety. With flaming fires the ionization detectors react before the optical
ones. If a fire were started by a glowing cigarette, optical detectors are generally recommended.
If not, the response time with these two types of detectors are so close that it is only in extreme
cases that this difference between optical and ionization detectors would be critical in saving
lives.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of the problem.
Many fire related deaths are caused by the fire being discovered too late. This is closely
associated with detector technology, in other words, how quickly detectors react to different fire
developments. This is the background to the experiments described in this paper. The main
objective has been to determine the differences in how such equipment detects fire and relate
these results to human safety during fires in buildings.
Four different experiments were done, two experiments with smouldering fire developments and
two experiments with flaming fire developments. All experiments are carried out in a room with a
floor area of about 17m . All the fires were in bedding where the fabrics are not flame retardant.
There was no other furniture in the test room apart from the bed where the fire started. The time
of alarm was recorded for each detector. Measurements were also made for a number of
parameters that characterize early fire developments. These are pressure, temperature, carbonmonoxide
and oxygen concentrations, reduction of visibility and particle distribution in smoke as a
result of the fire development.
3 RESULTS
3.1 Smouldering fires.
In cases of smouldering fires, the critical limits for the accumulated CO-dose and visibility in the
test room were reached about at the same time. This was typically 5000-6000 seconds after the
start of the fire.
Both the optical smoke detectors and the residential types as well as the optical smoke detectors
in the test room where the fire started detected the smoke sufficiently early to avoid a lethal
situation during this type of fire development.
The ionization smoke detectors detected smoke from a smouldering fire much later than
the optical detectors. When the particular conditions during the fire development are
taken into consideration there are reasons to indicate that this detection principle would
not provide adequate safety during this type of fire. This is in spite of the fact that the
detectors were located in the test room.
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